1. Characteristics of Non-Destructive Near-Infrared Instrumentation. R.D. Rosenthal (December 1986, Japan Food Science Institute). Describes the basic concepts of using near-infrared technology to perform quantitative measurements using the food industry as an example. This paper is a basic reference document for those interested in knowing more about near-infrared quantitative analysis. 2. A New Approach for the Estimation of Body Composition Infrared Interactance. J.M. Conway, K.H. Norris, and C.E. Bodwell (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40: December 1984). The original research using Near-IR technology to perform body composition analysis is described in this paper. This research, which was done using a $100,000 computerized spectrophotometer, identified the wavelengths and mathematics for accomplishing accurate measurements of body composition. 3. Non-Invasive Body Composition in Humans by Near-Infrared Interactance. J.M. Conway and K.H. Norris (USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland), Chapter 25 in the book "In Vivo Body Composition Studies", October 1986. Described an additional series of tests at the United States Department of Agriculture using the computerized spectrophotometer for determining body composition. The paper confirmed the specific wavelengths where the measurements can be made and provides evidence that a single site measurement (on the biceps of the dominant arm) provides identical results as multiple site measurements. 4. Evaluation of a Commercial Near-Infrared Instrument for Body Composition Analysis. P.O. Davis (Human Performance Center) and L.N. Paynter (Trebor Industries, Inc.), Technical Note 8742, published by Human Performance Center, Inc. Provides an evaluation of the FUTREX-5000 versus Hydrostatic weighing and versus multi-site skinfold measurements. The conclusion in the paper states: "The instrument manufacturer claims the instrument provides the same accuracy as hydrostatic weighing. Our preliminary results confirm this finding; moreover, the instrument was easy to use, demonstrated measurement repeatability, and allowed an individual to perform his own measurements." 5. NIR Evaluation for Body Composition Analysis. P.O. Davis, C.O. Dotson, and P. Manny (Applied Research Associates) published in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Volume 20, No. 2, April 1988. Presents data on an evaluation of the FUTREX-5000 versus underwater weighing using 85 subjects differing in age, gender, skin color and body composition. The paper states: "this ... analysis [of the FUTREX-5000] suggests that body composition can be assessed with excellent reliability and good validity." 6. A Comparison of Four Methods of Body Composition Assessment. S. Frazier, D. Hughes, and R. Opplinger (University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point, WI 54481; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240). This paper compares four methods of body composition assessment; anthropometric, skinfold calipers, bio-impedance and near-infrared interactance. Measurements were collected from 12 male and 14 female collegiate volunteers. This paper suggests that body composition can be assessed accurately using near-infrared technology (FUTREX-5000) with minimal training required. 7. The Estimation of Body Composition in Pre-Adolescent Children by Near- Infrared (NIR) by photospectrometry. C.O. Dotson (University of Maryland), P.O. Davis, A.A. Whitcomb (ARA/Human Factors). This paper compares the body fat test results obtained from the FUTREX-5000A with the conventional sum of skinfolds method that is used on children. The study included a heterogeneous group of students (320 males and 272 females) ranging in age from 5 to 13 years old that were randomly selected from three different schools in a large metropolitan area. (Research was funded by a grant from AAHPERD). The paper concludes: "NIR technology (i.e. FUTREX-5000A) may be used as a convenient substitute for skinfold sum in the preadolescent child." 8. Study of Effectiveness, When-Applied to Japanese Natives, of an Instrument for Measurement of Body Fat with Near-Infrared Interactance Technology Sawai, Mutoh, and Miyashita (University of Tokyo). This paper compares the FUTREX-5000 with underwater weighing and skinfold calipers on a wide range of Japanese volunteers ranging in age from 18 to 59. The volunteers were selected so that the statistical distribution of the size, weight, and body fat was identical to the general population of Japan. The conclusions stated in the paper are: "The estimation by ... the FUTREX-5000 as the measuring device, yielded the same or better correlation against hydrostatic weighing than calipers. Furthermore, the FUTREX-5000 has several advantages over calipers. No expertise is necessary to use the instrument. Measurement errors are not greater among the lean and the very fat, measurers never feel uneasiness, and an individual can measure his own body fat without any assistance." This study validates the instrument's effectiveness and especially its usefulness in field work. Its ease of use makes it indispensable for body fat measurements." 9. A New, Quick and Efficient Method of Determining Total Body Fat. Bonson Sports Center (Sweden). A field evaluation of the FUTREX-5000 was performed to compare its performance against skinfold measurements. The study involved 87 individuals (23 women and 59 men) ranging in age from 19 to 50, with percent body fat ranging from 6 to 30%. The paper states, "the results ... show that the Futrex method is in close agreement with the skinfold method (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The Futrex method was found to be quick and efficient. It is easy to use and doesn't require any particular preparations for the test or the person being tested." 10. The Use of Infrared Interactance to Determine Percent Body Fat in Adults on Hemodialysis. Carol Liftman (Franklin Dialysis Center/Pennsylvania Hospital) This abstract describes the reliability of the FUTREX-5000 for measuring body fat in both healthy adults and adults on hemodialysis. This data collected on 22 healthy subjects and 22 hemodialysis patients indicated that the FUTREX-5000 is safe, reliable, and an easy technique for determining percent body fat in hemodialysis patients. 11. Investigating a New Means of Determining Percent Body Fat - Infrared Interactance Carole O'Shea (Masters Thesis, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of near-infrared interactance for determination of body composition. Percent body fat was determined in 55 volunteers using the FUTREX-5000, skinfold calipers, and densitometry. The results showed there was a "significant relationship between percent body fat determined by NIR and percent body fat as determined by densitometry (r = 0.91)." 12. Comparison of Infrared Interactance with Triceps Skinfold Measurement for Determination of Body Composition. Mary E. Keitel (Methodist Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska). Abstract given at The American Society for Parenteral and Internal Nutrition Clinical Congress (Orlando, Florida, January 1992). The purpose of the study was to compare the FUTREX-5000 versus triceps skinfold measurements for determining percent body fat in hospitalized patients. FUTREX- 5000 and skinfold caliper body fat measurements were taken on 293 subjects. The study documents, "strong correlations were found between the two measurements and the Infrared method is safe, non-invasive, easy, expedient, reliable and valid." 13. Infrared Analysis of Body Composition in Children and Adolescents. Jennifer Cook (Dept. of Pediatrics and Physical Therapy, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa). The body composition of 11 girls and 12 boys (8-14 years of age) were evaluated using the FUTREX-5000A, D20, hydrodensitometry, and skinfold measurements. Statistical analysis indicated that the skinfolds under predicted percent body fat, but the other methods were not statistically different from each other. 14. Near-Infrared Interactance: Validity and Use in Estimating Body Composition in Adolescents. D. Klimis-Tavantzis, M. Oulare, H. Lehnhard, R.A. Cook (University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469). This study assessed the validity of the FUTREX-5000A for determining body composition in adolescents. Thirty-five high school students were used to validate the FUTREX-5000A against underwater weighing and skinfold thicknesses. The FUTREX-5000A highly correlated with skinfolds (r = 0.93 and 0.90 for males and females, respectively). Results indicate that Infrared interactance can be used as a reliable method in assessing percent body fat in adolescents." 15. Evaluation of Three Near-Infrared Instruments for Body Composition Assessment in a Cardiac Patient Population. J.S. Green, D.I. Douphorate, K.D. Keffner, W.I. Berman, S.F. Crouse (FACSM - Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas). Several Futrex near-infrared body composition analyzers were used to determine the accuracy of body fat measurements in cardiac patient populations comparing to hydrostatic weighing (HW), skin fold (SF) and bioelectric impedance (BI) to determine body fat percentage. Thirty-two cardiac patients, ages 46 to 81, six weeks post event, served as subjects. In conclusion, all of the Futrex NIR instruments proved acceptable accuracy in body composition analysis of cardiac patients. 16. Evaluation of Near-Infrared Interactance as a Method for Predicting Body Composition M. Elia, S.A. Parkinson and E. Diaz (Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition - 1990. This paper studies the correlation between densitometry, near-infrared interactance (NIRI) and other predictive methods or: whole-body impedance/resistance, skinfold thickness, and methods based on weight and height or Body Mass Index (BMI). Correlations were found to be remarkably similar with respect to fat (r = 0.90-0.92, s.e.e. = 2.12-2.47 kg), and fat- free mass (r = 0.96-0.97, s.e.e. = 2.13-2.71 kg). The near-infrared measurements made on the biceps area presented a higher correlation than any combination of measurement sites. This paper confirms the use of a single site measurement on the biceps. The NIR has a slightly greater ability to estimate the body constituents within the 95% limits of agreement. 17. A Comparative Study Between Near-Infrared Light, Skinfold Devices, and Body Mass Index for Measurements of Body Fat. Grethe Stoa-Birketvedt, Erling Thom, Jon Florholmen (Institute of Clinical Medicine, Univ. of Tromso, 9037 Tromso; Medstat Research, AS 2000 Lillestrom, Norway). This study compares 139 primary care patients with the F-1000, the F-5000 and the skinfold accumeasure device to BMI (body mass index). The conclusion of this paper suggests measurements of body fat based on near-infrared, skinfold devices and BMI are comparable for lean subjects, and differ more or less in underweight, overweight and obese subjects. The F-5000 appears to be the most sensitive device to detect changes in body fat. 18. The Use of Near-IR Light to Measure Body Fat Author: Robert D. Rosenthal (Presented at "Scandinavian Weight Reduction Technical Conference" Oslo, Norway, Jan. 1991). This paper shows the background on various methods of body composition analysis, including NIR, densitometry, skinfold calipers, bioelectrical impedance, hydrostatic weighing as well as twenty other methods of body composition analysis that are mentioned in the paper. It also explores the various technical papers that compare the NIR technique to other methods of body composition analysis. In addition, there is an explanation for the single site use of the FUTREX-5000. 19. Investigation of a New Method of Determining Body Composition, Near-Infrared Interactance By Carole Stroub O'Shea (Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 1988). Fifty-five volunteers were tested using NIR, skinfold and densitometry. The study revealed that NIR is comparable to skinfold in determining percent body fat. The FUTREX-5000 was the NIR instrument used in the study. A reliability test yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.97, concluding that the FUTREX-5000 estimates percent of body fat with the same accuracy as the skinfold method. The FUTREX-5000 appears to be a safe, reliable, non-invasive, accurate measurement of body fat. FUTREX-5000 / FUTREX-5000A are registered trademarks of FUTREX, INC. ©1997 Futrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved. |
FUTREX 5000-A TECHNICAL LITERATURE |
A partial listing of technical articles describing near-infrared technology and validation studies of the FUTREX-5000 and FUTREX-5000A Body Composition Analyzers. |
